Unıt
15 Language and Brain
Neurolinguistics(sinirbilim),the study of the
relationship between language and brain.
Parts of the brain:two parts,the left hemisphere
and the right
hemisphere.
Broca’s area:As the anteri- or
speech cortex.paul broca,a french
surgeon,1860s,damage to this specific
part of the brain was related
to extreme difficulty in producing speech.
-Dil yeteneği sol yarımkürede yer almalı.
-broca’s area
is crucially involved in production os speech
Wernicke’s area:The posterior speech
cortex.Carl Wernicke,was a German doctor,1870s,damage to this
part of the brain speech comprehension
difficulties.
-Bu,dil yeteneğinin sol yarımkürede olduğunu konfirme
ediyor.
-Wernicke’s area
is part of the brain crucially involved in the understanding of speech.
The motor complex:which generally controls movement of the muscles(i.e. for moving hands
,feet,arms)[kasların
hareketlerini kontrol eder]
*Close to the Broca’s area
is the part of the motor cortex that controls the
articulatory muscles of the face,jaw,tongue and larynx.
-This area is involved in the actual physical articulation of speech
The arcuate fasciculus:A bundle of nevre fibers(sinir telleri yığını)
-a crucial connection
between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s
area.
The localization
view(sınırlandırılmış görüş)
-The brain activity involved in hearing a word,understanding it,than saying it,Would follow a defnite pattern.
---The word is
heard and comprehended via Wernicke’s area.This signal is then transferred via the arcuate
fasciculus to Broca’s area where
preparation are made to produce
it.A siganl is then sent to the motor cortex
to physically articulate the word.
*the localization
view is one way of saying that
our liguistic ağabeylties have identifiable locations in the brain.Not support the view Beynin herhangi bir
alanına hasar diğer alanlarına da yansır…Linguistic behavior and sites
on the wrinkles grey matter
Other views:1.The ‘pathway’ metaphor(process of sending signals through electric circuits.
2.a’steam engine’metaphor
[Sigmund Freud](to account certain aspects of the brain’s activity,by talking of the
effects of’’reppression’’’’building up pressure’’to the point
of sudden ‘’release’’.
3.Aristotle’s metaphor(the brain as a cold sponge)
Tongue tips and slips:-the
tip-of-the-tongue,phenomenon in which you feel that
some word is just eluding (kaçmak) you,that you
know the word,but it just wont’t come to
the surface.(diliminin
ucunda)
Malaphorisms(sözcükleri uygusuzca kullanma)—Speakers produce secant,sextet and
sexton when asked to name a particular type of navigational instrument(sextant).
*We need to say a few laughs
to break up the monogamy.
a slip-of-the-tongue:tangled expressions such as a long shory stort(for’makea long story short’) and
the thine sing (for’the sign
thing’) or word reversals,as in use the door
to open the
key and a fifty-pound dog
of bag food----This type of slip
is also known as a Spoonerism
(ses veya heceleri konuşurken yanlışlıkla karıştırma)*Noble tons of soil
*a shoving leopard to his flock *You
have hissed all my mystery
lectures*Work is the curse of the
drinking classes.
-tip of the slung=the result of a sound being carried
over from one word to
the next
*black bloxes(
for’black boxes’)or a sound used
in one word in anticipation of its occurance in the next word *noman
numeral(for’roman numeral’),a tup of tea(‘cup’)or the
most highly payer(‘paid player’)
slips-of-the-ear:Less commonly
documented,may provide some clues
to how the
braintries to make sense of the auditory signal it receives.*great ape *Gladly the
cross I’d bear.
Aphasia(söz yitimi)
Aphasia is defined
as an impairment of language
funtion due to localized cerebral(i.e.brain)damage which
leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing
linguistic forms.
Broca’s aphesia:serious language disorder(konuşmayla ilgili)-a substantially
reduced amount of speech,-distorted articulation and-slow,-often effortful
speech.
Agrammatic:lexical
morpheme içerir functional morphemeler çıkarılır..Dil bilgisel işaretler kaybolur
*I eggs and eat and drink
coffee breakfast.
-In broca’s aphasia,comprehension is typically much better than production.
Wernicke’s aphasia:difficulties in auditory comprehension(sensory aphasia)[duymayla ilgili]
-Someone suffering
from this disorder can actually produce very fluent
speech which is however,often difficult
to make sense of.
*I can’t talk all
of the things I do,and part of the
part I can go alright ,but I can’t tell from the
othere people.
Anomia(doğru kelimeleri bulması zor)is very common and
circumlocution(gereksiz kelime kullanma) may be used,as in this answer( to
the question’What’s ink for?’):to
do with pen.
Conduction aphasia:Much less common.Type of aphasia is identified with damage to the
arcuate fasciculus.This disorder typically
do not have articulation problems.They are
fluent ,but have disrupted rhythm because of pauses and hesitations.Ritim bozulur.
-Konuşma kelimelerini anlamk normalde iyiidirHowever the task of repeating a word or phrase
will create major difficulty with forms such
as vaysse and fosh as attemted repetitions of the words ‘base’ and
‘wash’
Şunu belirtmeliyiz ki bu tür belirtiler (i.e word-finding difficulty)tüm aphasia tiplerinde ortaya çıkar.They
also occur in Non-aphasic disorders
resulting from the brain disease
such as dimentia(bunaklık)
-Language disorders
of the type we have described
are almost always the result
of injury to the left hemisphere.
Dichotic listening:The language functions
must be located in the left hemisphere
is called the dichotic listening test.
The critical period:
Genie
Unit 16 First Language
Acquisition
Basic requirements:’cultural transmission’
-The crucial requirement appears to be the opportunity
to interact with others via
language.
The acquisition
Schedule:
Some controversies:
Caretaker speech:Karakter
olarak basitleştirilmiş konuşma biçimini benimsemiş insanlar lüçük çocuklarla iletişim kurmak için baya zaman harcarlar.
-Several stages
in the acquisition process have been identified.
Pre-language stages:’cooing’ and ‘babbling’(3-10 months)
1th stage ‘cooing’(3
months)---velar consonants such as [k] and[g] usually present,as well as high vowels such
as [i] and[u].
2nd stage ‘babling’(6
months)---(oturabilir ve birçok sesli ve sessiz harf ürtebilir)contain syllable tyre sounds
[mu] [da]
3rd stage ‘intonation
pattern’(9 months)—to the consonant and vowel comnination being produced.
(10-11 months)-a standing
position)----Using their vocalization
This late stage is characterized by alot of ‘sound-play’and ‘attempted imitation’
The one-word or holophrastic
stage:(12-18 months)- to produce a variety
of recognizable single unit utterances.[one-word stage]
Holophrastic: a single
form functioning as a phrase
or sentence
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